Mahjong Logbook

Types of Mahjong: 6 Styles Compared

Mahjong is one game family with many house rules. It took shape in China in the 19th century, during the late Qing dynasty; historians still argue about exactly where, and the oldest surviving sets date from around 1870. Sets were on sale in the United States from 1920 and the game became a craze there in the 1920s, while in Japan it arrived in the early 1900s and grew into its own style. Today the tiles look much the same everywhere, but the hand size, the extra tiles and above all the scoring change from place to place.

This guide compares six styles you are likely to meet: three from Hong Kong, the 16-tile game as played in Taiwan, Japanese Riichi and American Mah Jongg. The table comes first; each style then gets its own section, with what makes it unique, what will feel familiar, how scoring works and a typical winning hand.

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The 6 types of mahjong at a glance

Typical settings for each style. Every table has its own house rules, so treat these as the common case and agree yours before you play.

Style Tiles in the set Hand size Flowers Jokers Chow allowed How hands are scored Minimum to win Typical pace Where it is played Mahjong Logbook support
Hong Kong (Cantonese) 廣東牌 144 13, win on 14 Yes, 8; your own flower scores 1 faan No Yes, from the player on your left Faan (番); the payout doubles as faan rise, up to a cap Usually 3 faan Medium Hong Kong, Guangdong, Cantonese-speaking families worldwide Rooms: hand by hand or final totals, zero-sum
跑馬仔 (Paau Ma Zai) 144 13, win on 14 In the set; no faan is counted No Yes Fixed amount per win; optional 獎馬 and kong money Usually any complete hand Fast Hong Kong homes and friendly games Rooms: log final totals per game (no dedicated mode)
HK-style Taiwanese 港式台牌 144 16, win on 17 Yes, 8; scored, plus instant payments for sets of flowers No Yes Base (底) plus faan × a set amount, added with no cap; 拉 carry-over Agree at the table Slower, longer hands Hong Kong Rooms: hand by hand (底, dealer faan and 拉 worked out) or final totals, zero-sum
Taiwanese 台灣麻將 144 16, win on 17 Yes, 8; scored in tai No Yes, from the left Base plus tai (台) × a set amount, in a straight line Often none: a complete hand can win with 0 tai Slower, longer hands Taiwan and the Taiwanese diaspora Rooms: log final totals per game (no dedicated mode)
Japanese Riichi 立直麻雀 136, often with red fives 13, win on 14 No No Yes, from the left (called chii) Han and fu read off a points table; riichi and dora add value At least 1 yaku Medium, with careful defence Japan, online worldwide, university clubs Tournament mode only: final scores including uma
American Mah Jongg 152, including 8 jokers 13, win on 14 Yes, 8; used in card hands Yes, 8 No: discards are claimed only for pungs, kongs and larger groups, or to win Each hand on the card has a fixed value Match a hand on this year's card Medium, plus the Charleston before play United States, mostly social clubs Rooms: independent scores per player, no zero-sum check

On a phone, swipe the table sideways to see every column.

Which style should your club play?

The honest answer is usually "the one your teachers already know". If you are choosing from scratch, this is a sensible starting point.

Your groupStart withWhy
Complete beginnersHong Kong (Cantonese), or 跑馬仔 for the first nightFew scoring patterns to learn. 跑馬仔 lets people win any complete hand while they learn the shapes.
Curious about Hong Kong stylesLearn 廣東牌 first, then 台牌HK-style Taiwanese plays almost the same way but has far more scoring items, so it is easier once Cantonese feels natural.
Hong Kong family or diasporaHong Kong (Cantonese), plus HK-Taiwanese if your family plays itIt is the game most likely to be played at family gatherings, and relatives can teach it.
Japanese or anime-curious studentsRiichiHuge online player base and plenty of English learning material; many university societies already play it.
US social clubsAmerican Mah JonggIt is what most American clubs and teachers play, and the yearly card keeps it fresh.
Competitive playRiichi, or Chinese Official (MCR)Both have written tournament rulebooks and international events. Hong Kong has its own competition rules too.

Starting a group? See how to start a mahjong club for sets, space, house rules and your first night.

What every style shares

Before the differences, the common ground. If you can play one of these styles, most of this carries straight over:

Hong Kong (Cantonese) mahjong 廣東牌

Also called Cantonese mahjong, 廣東牌, 香港麻雀 or simply "Hong Kong mahjong".

This is the long-standing home game of Hong Kong and the style many Cantonese-speaking families grew up with. Each player holds 13 tiles and wins with four sets plus a pair. The set has 144 tiles, including 8 flowers that are laid out and replaced as soon as you draw them.

What makes it unique

The traditional Hong Kong game, with a good balance of luck and strategy. The usual 3-faan minimum is where the strategy comes in: a quick, cheap hand may not be allowed to win, so you keep deciding whether to chase faan or to settle for the fastest hand that qualifies.

What feels familiar

The plain mahjong core: 13 tiles, four sets and a pair, chow from the left, pung and kong from anyone. Scoring has relatively few patterns compared with Taiwanese or Riichi, which is why it makes a good first style.

How scoring works

You add up faan (番) for the hand's patterns, such as All Pungs (對對糊) 3 faan, Half Flush (混一色) 3 or Full Flush (清一色) 7, plus one faan for things like a self-drawn win, your own flower or a pung of dragons. Most tables need 3 faan to win and cap a hand at 8, 10 or 13 faan. The money doubles as the faan rise: at 二五雞 stakes, 3 faan pays $8 and 4 faan $16, then with half doubling (半辣上) 5 faan $24, 6 faan $32 and so on. On a discard win the discarder usually pays it all; on a self-draw each of the other three pays half.

A typical winning hand

Half Flush (混一色, one suit plus honours) 3 faan, plus 1 faan for the pung of Red Dragons: 4 faan, which clears the 3-faan minimum. At 二五雞 stakes that is $16 from the discarder.

Go deeper: how to play Hong Kong mahjong, the Hong Kong mahjong faan table, the payout table, the printable cheat sheet and the Cantonese mahjong glossary. Only three players? See three-player mahjong (in Chinese).

跑馬仔 (Paau Ma Zai), the fast Hong Kong style

跑馬仔, romanised paau ma zai. A way of playing Cantonese mahjong without counting faan.

The tiles, the order of play and chow, pung and kong are exactly the same as Cantonese mahjong. The difference is the money: nobody counts faan. A chicken hand (雞糊, a hand with no faan) can usually win, and each win pays a fixed amount agreed before play. 跑馬仔 is a folk style with no single rulebook, so details change from table to table.

What makes it unique

It is all about pace. Because any complete hand pays the same fixed amount, the incentive is to win quickly rather than build a big hand, and each hand is over fast. Extras such as 獎馬 (bonus tiles turned up after a win) add a bit of luck back in.

What feels familiar

Everything you do with the tiles. If you play Cantonese mahjong you already know how to play 跑馬仔; you only need the table's payment rules. Some tables pay extra for big hands, so it is not always flat.

How scoring works

Stakes are usually said as two numbers, such as "5 10". At one common reading the discarder pays 10 on a discard win and each of the other three pays 5 on a self-draw, so the winner collects 15. Other tables read it the other way round, so ask before the first hand. Optional extras are 獎馬, where tiles turned up after a win can add a payment, and kong money (for example, each of the other three pays for a concealed kong). The 跑馬仔 guide has a full five-hand worked example.

A typical winning hand

A mixed hand like this may not reach 3 faan under Cantonese scoring. In 跑馬仔 it wins and pays the same fixed amount as any other win.

Go deeper: 跑馬仔 rules and payments (in Chinese).

HK-style Taiwanese mahjong 港式台牌

港式台牌, "Taiwanese tiles, Hong Kong style": 16-tile Taiwanese mahjong scored the way Hong Kong tables do.

Hong Kong players took the 16-tile Taiwanese game and gave it their own scoring. Each player holds 16 tiles and wins with five sets plus a pair. Instead of Taiwan's tai table, tables use a Hong Kong faan table, where a Half Flush is 40 faan and a Full Flush 100, and a hand's value is a base (底) plus faan × an agreed amount per faan.

What makes it unique

More fun, because far more things score: concealed hands, flowers, dealer streaks, declaring 叮 (ready), even how quickly you win. That also makes counting much harder at first. The play is easy to pick up; the counting and settling up are what take practice. Most players find it easier to learn 廣東牌 first and then move to 台牌.

What feels familiar

The same set, the same draw-and-discard, chow, pung and kong as Cantonese mahjong. Many hand names, such as 混一色, 清一色 and 對對糊, carry over too, just with much bigger numbers.

How scoring works

A typical winning hand

Five sets and a pair, 17 tiles. Half Flush (混一色) 40 faan plus 2 for the Red Dragon pung is 42 faan before flowers and other extras. At $5 base and $1 a faan, a discard win pays $47.

Go deeper (all in Chinese): HK-style Taiwanese rules, the HK-Taiwanese faan table and the 拉 settlement worked example.

Taiwanese mahjong 台灣麻將

台灣麻將 or 台灣十六張, Taiwanese 16-tile mahjong, as played in Taiwan.

Taiwan's own game uses the full 144-tile set, 16-tile hands and five sets plus a pair. Hands are scored in tai (台), and the scoring is linear: each tai is worth the same amount, with no doubling.

What makes it unique

Three things come up again and again: the 16-tile hand, tai scoring with a base amount, and the dealer bonus, which grows the longer the dealer keeps winning. With bigger hands and more tiles in play, a hand usually takes longer than in 13-tile styles.

What feels familiar

The tiles and flowers are the same as a Hong Kong set, chow is still from the left, and many patterns (half flush, full flush, all pungs, dragon pungs) exist under similar names. Hong Kong players will recognise the shape of the game from 港式台牌.

How scoring works

A win pays a base plus tai × an agreed amount. On a discard win the discarder pays; on a self-draw each of the other three pays. Commonly cited values include self-draw 1 tai, a pung of dragons 1 tai, All Pungs 4, Half Flush 4, Full Flush 8 and Great Three Dragons 8, but rules differ between groups. The dealer adds 1 tai, plus 2 more for each consecutive time they keep the deal. Many tables let a complete hand win with no tai at all, and some set a top value for a hand.

A typical winning hand

The same hand as above: Half Flush 4 tai plus the dragon pung 1 tai, 5 tai before extras. With a base of 3 and 2 per tai, the discarder would pay 3 + 2 × 5 = 13.

Logging a Taiwan-rules game in Mahjong Logbook: open a room and enter each game's final totals. There is no dedicated Taiwanese mode, and totals must sum to zero.

Japanese Riichi mahjong 立直麻雀

Riichi mahjong, Japanese mahjong, リーチ麻雀 or 立直麻雀.

Mahjong reached Japan in the early 1900s and developed into its own style. Riichi uses 136 tiles with no flowers; many sets and rule sets add red fives as bonus tiles. Each player starts with a stack of points, commonly 25,000 or 30,000, and points move between players hand by hand.

What makes it unique

Players point to four things. Every winning hand needs at least one yaku (a scoring pattern), and there are many to learn. Riichi: declare you are ready with a closed hand by putting up a 1,000-point stick, which itself counts as a yaku. Furiten: if a tile that would complete your hand is in your own discards, you cannot win on someone else's discard. And defence: reading opponents' discards for safe tiles and folding (betaori) is a big part of good play.

What feels familiar

13 tiles, four sets and a pair, chow only from the left (called chii), pung (pon) and kong (kan) from anyone. Hong Kong players will recognise half flush, full flush and dragon pungs as yaku.

How scoring works

A hand's value comes from two numbers: han, from its yaku and bonus tiles, and fu, from its composition and how it was won. You look the pair up in a points table. Dora, tiles marked as bonus by an indicator tile flipped from the dead wall, add han but do not count as a yaku on their own. At the end of a game, tournaments usually apply uma, placement bonuses that reward finishing first and second.

A typical winning hand

No terminals or honours, so it qualifies for All Simples (tanyao). Declare riichi while it is closed and waiting, then win: riichi 1 han plus All Simples 1 han, plus any dora.

Riichi in Mahjong Logbook: supported in tournament mode only, where each table enters final scores including uma. Regular rooms do not take Riichi scores.

American Mah Jongg

American mahjong, also spelled Mah Jongg. Its standard rules and annual card come from the National Mah Jongg League, founded in 1937.

American Mah Jongg is a distinct style rather than a scoring variant. The set has 152 tiles, adding 8 jokers to the usual suits, honours and flowers, and you play from a rack. Before each hand comes the Charleston, a series of required passes of tiles between players. You win only by completing one of the hands printed on the current year's card.

What makes it unique

The annual card: the National Mah Jongg League publishes a new card of winning hands every year, so even experienced players relearn each spring. Jokers stand in for tiles in groups of three or more, but never in a single or a pair. The Charleston lets you pass unwanted tiles before play. And discards can only be claimed to make a pung, kong or larger group, or to win, so there are no chows.

What feels familiar

The suits, winds, dragons and flowers, draw-and-discard, and calling pung or kong. Chinese and Hong Kong players will find the tiles familiar even though the hands are built very differently.

How scoring works

Each hand on the card has a fixed value. When you win on a discard, the discarder pays double that value and the other two pay the value; on a self-drawn win all three pay double. Many clubs simply play for points and keep a running total.

A typical winning hand

Card hands are the National Mah Jongg League's own and change every year, so we do not reproduce them here. Buy the current card from the League; this site has no connection with the NMJL.

Keep score: the American Mahjong score tracker takes each player's score on its own, with no zero-sum check, and builds the club leaderboard. For events, see the American Mahjong tournament tracker. Mahjong Logbook records scores; it does not check hands against the card.

One hand, scored five ways

The quickest way to feel the difference between scoring systems is to take one hand through several of them. The 13-tile styles use the four-set version; the 16-tile styles add one more set (three 2 Dots) to reach 17 tiles.

StyleHow this hand scores
Hong Kong (Cantonese)Half Flush 3 + Red Dragon pung 1 = 4 faan. $16 at 二五雞 stakes.
跑馬仔The same fixed amount as any other win.
HK-style Taiwanese (17 tiles)Half Flush 40 + dragon pung 2 = 42 faan before extras. $47 at $5 base, $1 a faan.
Taiwanese (17 tiles)Half Flush 4 + dragon pung 1 = 5 tai before extras.
RiichiHalf Flush (honitsu) 3 han if closed, 2 if open, plus 1 han for the Red Dragon triplet, before dora and fu.
AmericanNot comparable: a hand only wins if it matches the card.

American vs Chinese mahjong

This is the comparison people search for most, and the two really are different games on similar tiles.

Which is easier? Neither is simple, but they are hard in different ways. American asks you to learn the card and redo it every year; Hong Kong mahjong asks you to learn a short list of faan patterns once. Many beginners find Hong Kong scoring quicker to pick up, while American's card tells you exactly which hands are possible.

"Mahjong" and "Mah Jongg" are just different spellings. In the US, "Mah Jongg" usually means the American style.

Chinese vs Japanese (Riichi) mahjong

Comparing Hong Kong mahjong, the most common Chinese style in English-speaking countries, with Riichi:

Hong Kong vs Taiwanese mahjong

The Hong Kong vs Taiwanese question has three answers, because there are three games involved.

Hong Kong (Cantonese)HK-style TaiwaneseTaiwanese (Taiwan)
Hand13, four sets and a pair16, five sets and a pair16, five sets and a pair
UnitFaan, doublingFaan, added (Hong Kong table)Tai, added (Taiwan table)
CapYes, 8, 10 or 13 faanNo capVaries by table
Self-drawEach of three pays halfEach of three pays in fullEach of three pays
DealerNo extra faan+1 faan, +2N on a streak+1 tai, +2 per repeat
Settling upEvery handUsually carried with 拉Every hand
Declaring readyNot announced叮 for 5 faanNot part of the usual rules

Hong Kong players who say they play "台牌" usually mean the HK-style version, with its Hong Kong faan table and 拉. Visitors from Taiwan should expect different numbers and settle the table rules first.

Types of mahjong sets and tiles

If your club plays more than one style, the simplest rule is one set per style, so nobody has to sort tiles before play.

Other types of mahjong

Less common outside their home regions, but worth knowing by name:

Which styles Mahjong Logbook supports

More on how a club runs on one shared room: the mahjong club score tracker. Paper or spreadsheet instead? See how to keep score in mahjong.

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FAQ

How many types of mahjong are there?

There is no fixed number, because almost every region and many families have their own rules. The widely played families are Chinese styles such as Hong Kong (Cantonese) mahjong and its fast no-faan form 跑馬仔, 16-tile Taiwanese mahjong (played both in Taiwan and in a Hong Kong-scored form), Japanese Riichi mahjong, American Mah Jongg, and the Chinese Official competition rules. All of them grew out of the same 19th-century Chinese game.

Which type of mahjong is easiest for beginners?

Hong Kong (Cantonese) mahjong is a good first style: the scoring has few patterns, and once you know it, 跑馬仔 and HK-style Taiwanese are short steps away. 跑馬仔 is even simpler to start because nobody counts faan. Riichi has more rules to learn up front, and American Mah Jongg needs the current year's card. The easiest style is usually the one someone at your table already plays.

What is the difference between American and Chinese mahjong?

American Mah Jongg uses a 152-tile set with 8 jokers, starts each hand with the Charleston (a series of tile passes), and you win only by completing one of the hands printed on the National Mah Jongg League's card for that year. Chinese styles use 144 tiles with no jokers, have no card, let you claim a discard to make a run (chow), and score your hand by its patterns, such as faan in Hong Kong mahjong.

Can you play American mahjong with a Chinese set?

Not as it comes. American Mah Jongg needs 8 jokers, which a Chinese or Hong Kong set does not have, and every player needs the current card. Some groups add jokers by putting stickers on spare tiles. Going the other way, you can play Chinese styles with an American set by leaving the jokers out.

Is Riichi mahjong the same as Japanese mahjong?

Yes. Riichi (立直, リーチ) is the name of the declaration at the heart of the modern Japanese game, and English speakers use Riichi mahjong and Japanese mahjong for the same style. It uses 136 tiles with no flowers, and a winning hand needs at least one yaku.

What is the difference between Hong Kong and Taiwanese mahjong?

Hong Kong (Cantonese) mahjong uses 13-tile hands, scores in faan that double the payout, usually needs 3 faan to win and has a cap. Taiwanese mahjong uses 16-tile hands (win on 17), adds up tai in a straight line with a base amount, and rewards a dealer who keeps winning. In Hong Kong, many people play 16-tile Taiwanese with a Hong Kong scoring table, 港式台牌, which adds the 拉 carry-over between hands.

What is 跑馬仔 mahjong?

跑馬仔 (paau ma zai) is a fast Hong Kong way of playing Cantonese mahjong without counting faan. Play is the same, but a chicken hand can usually win, and each win pays a fixed amount agreed before play, one amount for a discard win and one for a self-draw. Some tables add 獎馬 (bonus tiles turned up after a win) and money for kongs.

Which types of mahjong can Mahjong Logbook track?

Rooms support Cantonese and HK-style Taiwanese, with games that must sum to zero, and American Mah Jongg, where each player's score is entered on its own. 跑馬仔 groups and groups playing Taiwan's own rules can log each game's final totals in a room; there is no dedicated mode for them. Riichi is supported only in tournament mode, as final scores including uma.

Sources

Hong Kong styles follow this site's own guides linked above. For the rest we relied on:

  1. Mahjong, Wikipedia (origins, the 144-tile set, spread to the US)
  2. Scoring in Mahjong, Wikipedia (Hong Kong minimums, Taiwanese base plus tai and dealer bonus)
  3. Taiwan Mahjong rules, Mahjongo (16-tile hands, common tai values, payments)
  4. Taiwanese 16-tile mahjong, Sloperama
  5. Japanese mahjong, Wikipedia (yaku, riichi, dora, furiten, defence)
  6. American mahjong, Wikipedia (152-tile set, Charleston, card, payments)
  7. National Mah Jongg League (publisher of the annual card)
  8. Chinese Official scoring explained, Sloperama FAQ 22

Tile images: by Cangjie6 (remake), Jerry Crimson Mann (original), User:Dewclouds (vectorisation), own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons. Mahjong Logbook is not affiliated with the National Mah Jongg League.